Attention!!! Sgt.Rei is in the house!
Okay, what you are really saying is that you don't know a damn thing about recording and you are looking for easy answers. Think again Private!!!
There is no starting point for processors. There is no set way to set up a mic for loud vocal (if you want them loud, turn them up!!!) There are as many micing techniques for amps, drums, etc....as there are positions possible to put the mic in a room containing those instruments.
Report to the mess hall!!! You are on extra duty for derelection of duty as a recording engineer!!! Recording Soldier Rule #1 is "I will try all things possible to make my recording mission a success. If faced with a unsurmountable obstacle, I will go through it, around it, or over it to achieve the missions success no matter what".
Seriously though element, you are asking for someone to tell all. LOL!!!
I will give you the answer to your questions right here. Move the mic until you hear what you want to hear, and turn the knobs on your processors until they do what you want them to do. That's it!!! That is all there is to it!!! Really!!!
I don't insert a compressor on a sound and set it to some predetermined setting. I insert it and start turning knobs until it modifies the dynamics in an appealing way. Really. There is no preset thing. There is no standard. You do what you have to do to make things sound the way they need to sound. If what you just did didn't do what you wanted it to do, you try something else.
Do you know what all the things you listed do? If so, get to work and start playing with them. If you don't, well, start asking some specific questions my friend. You may find the help on here to be quite excellent. But general questions like you post will only get you a bunch of questions in return.
Hope this helps.
Ed Rei
Echo Star Studio
www.echostarstudio.com