Is the $500 just for the mic? or Mic + Mic Preamp + Converter + Headphone Preamp + Isolated Headphones + ?????
Zoom H2/H4/H4n are respectable options, they even have onboard mixing / multi-tracking abilities iirc. Certainly not high end, but good enough in most cases.
As far as screaming, if you don't need to isolate from your room, you could always back away from the mic and handle that. Or do that broadcaster thing with 90 degrees off axis for screams, 6"+-ish for normal voice, 2"-ish for whisper, or whatever the specs are for that. I'm a trombonist, so what do I know.
Not that we know much about what you're wanting to capture. Mono? Stereo? 5.1 Surround? 7.1 Surround? What's acceptable to you on the budget? Sounds like a cell phone? Or something mildly better?