A mic preamp does a few different things:
- provides proper input impedance for the microphone
- converts the balanced microphone signal to unbalanced, and proper grounding and isolation for the signal
- provides phantom power for mics that need it
- amplifies the signal, without excessive and unpleasant distortion or noise
- sometimes, adds "color", "character", or if you please, pleasant distortion.
Now, back to the question. There has to be an analog component to an A/D converter, because the signal starts in the analog world. It should be perfectly possible to design a converter that does the unbalancing and obviates the need for amplification. "Color", etc. can be added by software, whether or not that's the same box of crayons as analog is a larger question than this thread.
Are converters designed this way right now? For the most part, no, because the demand has been for converters to interface with existing microphone preamps. But there are already a few mics with internal converters, I suspect that will become a lot more common in the future, as having conversion right off the capsule would simplify a lot of issues with mics and mic preamps.
If you want good quality recordings without a bunch of extra gear, there are two paths you can travel today: USB microphones, like
the Blue Snowball, or regular ol' studio-quality analog mics with all-in-one interfaces that have bundled preamps, converters, and soundcard. Neither option is particularly expensive.
You'll find that either of those is a superior solution to using a studio-quality mic with consumer-grade soundcards and their onboard preamps and converters, which are typically inferior in one or many of the aspects I listed above.