As you no doubt have figured out, you have asked a very tough question. Suppose I asked you- "I've been going barefoot all my life, and I'm thinking about trying out some shoes. What's the best all around pair of shoes, you know, for everything?" Some folks would say a set of Reeboks, others a pair of combat boots. If you live in a jungle or an arctic wasteland, both would suck.
Given all of that, I tend toward Chessrock's point of view on this one. The most versatile mics I can think of are high quality dynamics, and multipattern workhorse condensers. Both vary across a wide spectrum of prices. Generally, dynamics are cheaper than condensers in any given quality range. I recommend (2) mics to start, because they are so very different, and each is so damn versatile. If one of them doesn't work, the other probably will. Here are a few of my favorites:
Dynamics
Cheap (< $100)- Shure SM57, AKG D770 (discontinued but still easy to find new on ebay), Sennheiser e835.
Mid priced (up to about $300 new, less used)- Sennheiser MD421, Shure SM7b
Top of the line- Sennheiser MD441, Electrovoice RE20
All mics above are versatile, worth the price, and any in the 2 higher priced categories will never require an upgrade. The top 4 I listed are frequently used in the best studios on Earth.
Multipattern Condensers
Generally more expensive, and the spread from cheap to high priced is HUGE.
cheap- CAD M179, Studio Projects B-3. Not really my favorite mics, but among the few multipattern condensers out there for < $200.
mid priced- (in this class of mics, that means $500-$1000, give or take) Shure KSM44, AKG C414 (there are numerous models- best bang for buck IMHO is C414B-ULS on ebay, best overall is C414B-XLS, newer and more pricey, about $900), Audio-Technica AT4050. Chessrock also recommended the 414 and the 4050. I personally prefer the 414, it's simply one of the most versatile mics ever built.
High priced spread (If you have to ask how much it is, you can't afford it. Well you said you had money-prepare for sticker shock.) Neumann U87 and TLM127, B.L.U.E. Kiwi, Microtech Gefell UM800 (to die for).
If I were in your position, I would probably buy a Shure SM7b and look for an AKG C414B-ULS on ebay (I personally prefer new to used. The B-ULS is discontinued, but there are still new ones out there). If you can't record it with one of those 2 mics, you probably can't record it at all. Best of luck. -Richie