What is the meaning of “meaning?”
What is the meaning of “meaning?”
By raising this question, I don’t mean to me Clintonesque (What is “is?”) I have read this thread a couple of times and I have reflected upon previous debates about the meaning of texts I have had with others and with myself. I have some questions and observations. In this post, I will use the term author, writer and singer interchangeably as I will with the terms reader/hearer.
Here are some possible candidates for the meaning of meaning:
1. The meaning consciously intended by the author.
2. The meaning unconsciously intended by the author.
3. The meaning consciously constructed by the reader.
4. The meaning unconsciously constructed by the reader.
For some writers/readers there is a yawning chasm between the conscious and the unconscious meanings of texts. Perhaps for the more self-reflective the gap is smaller.
What happens to meaning when a character speaks?
What does “meaning” mean when the author creates or meets characters and lets the characters sing their songs even though the author may not endorse the characters’ perspective? Maybe the writer did at some an earlier time but not presently share the characters perspective or maybe the author is just good at capturing a characters perspective.
How is the meaning of the text influenced by its literary context and influence its literary context?
It seems to me, we recognize/create the meaning of a text within the family of texts with which we are consciously and unconsciously familiar. To the extent a text is read, it affects the future literary context and takes on other meanings as it is deconstructed and reconstructed.
What happens to meaning when there is a subtext?
A text may have a sub-text. Isaiah’s song of the vineyard (Isaiah 5: 1-7) provides a good example.
“Let me sing for my beloved
my love-song concerning his vineyard:
My beloved had a vineyard
on a very fertile hill.
He dug it and cleared it of stones,
and planted it with choice vines;
he built a watch-tower in the midst of it,
and hewed out a wine vat in it;
he expected it to yield grapes,
but it yielded wild grapes.
And now, inhabitants of Jerusalem
and people of Judah,
judge between me
and my vineyard.
What more was there to do for my vineyard
that I have not done in it?
When I expected it to yield grapes,
why did it yield wild grapes?
And now I will tell you
what I will do to my vineyard.
I will remove its hedge,
and it shall be devoured;
I will break down its wall,
and it shall be trampled down.
I will make it a waste;
it shall not be pruned or hoed,
and it shall be overgrown with briers and thorns;
I will also command the clouds
that they rain no rain upon it.
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts
is the house of Israel,
and the people of Judah
are his pleasant planting;
he expected justice,
but saw bloodshed;
righteousness,
but heard a cry!” (NRSV)
I think the text operates on three levels. On the surface level the song is a song about a winemaker and his vineyard. The simple might only hear the text on this level. The wise might hear this text on a deeper level. It is about marital infidelity (in classical Hebrew women were likened to vineyards). The wise might think they were in a position to judge a woman guilty of adultery.

Isaiah springs the trap. On the deepest level the text is about God’s relationship with Zion (in classical Hebrew cities are feminine). The judges are judged and found to be wanting.
Surely you can think of modern examples of multivalent texts.
How are meanings of texts influenced by languages?
Writers who are familiar with other languages may face a peculiar difficulty if the language in which they first compose a text differs from the language in which the text is published. There is no 1:1 correspondence in translation. Sometimes one language lacks a term that is at home in another. What is an author to do, especially in poetry where economy of language does not allow an explanation? What happens in the mind of multilingual readers? Readers may retrovert a text into another language and discover/create new meanings of this translated text. Readers may retrovert a text into several languages and compare the meaning the a text has in each language.
So what?
I feel frustration as a writer when I write texts that may be misinterpreted and counter-interpreted (the reader intentionally either consciously or unconsciously subverts the conscious or subconscious meaning of the author). I hate it when my texts are made to perform unnatural acts when they are tortured into saying things they did not and perhaps do not mean. I find this problem especially acute in poetry. I think it is harder to misinterpret and counter-interpret a well written essay than it is a well written poem.
More subjects for consideration
There are many future subjects that must be considered. How are lyrics affected by their music and how do they affect the music? What happens when a writer subverts a musical genre? For example, country and western songs are often used to inspire patriotism. What happens when an artist uses that very form to subvert patriotism? A good example of this is James McMurtry’s God Bless America.
I have to go but I thought I would pose some of these questions to see if it might spark debate.
