Re: 440
badassmak said:
440 Wedge...Dodge.
Standard Pitch = 440
Concert Pitch = 442
History of Pitch
1640 Vienna Franciscan Organ A457.6
1699 Paris Opera the note A 404
1711 John Shore, who invented the tuning fork, of which one still exists today, with a pitch of A 423.5
1780 Stines, for Mozart A421
1780 Organ-builder Schulz A421.3
1714 Strasbourg Cathedral organ A391
1722 Dresden's chief R C church organ A415
1759 Trinity College Cambridge organ A 309
1762 Stringed instruments at Hamburg A 405
1772 Gottfried Silbermann built the organ in the main R.C. church in Dresden, which had a pitch of A 415 at the time.
1780 Organ-builder Schulz A 421.3
1780 Stein's tuning fork A422.6
1751 Handel's own Fork A422.5
1800 Broadwood's C fork 505.7, which is about half a semitone lower than that of today
1811 Paris Grand Opera A 427
1812 Paris Conservatoire A440, as modern pitch
1813 George Smart adopted for the Philharmonic Society the pitch of A 423.3
1820 Westminster Abbey organ and possibly Paris comic Opera used a pitch of A 422.5
1828 Philharmonic Society A 440
1834 Vienna Opera A 436.5
1835 Wolfels piano maker A443
1836 Pleyel's Pianos A446
1846 Philharmonic pitch was A452.5 (very high) which lasted till 1854
1846 Mr Hipkins piano tuner (Meantone) A433.5 (Equal) A436.0
1849 Broadwood's medium pitch was A 445.9 which lasted till 1854
1858 New Philharmonic pitch C522
1860 Cramer's Piano makers of London A448.4
1862 Dresden Opera A 440
1871 Covent Garden Opera House A 440
1877 Collard's piano Maker standard pitch was A 449.9
1877 St Paul Cathedral organ A446.6
1877 Chappell Pianos A455.9
1877 Mr Hipkins piano tuner A448.8
1878 Her Majesty's Organ A436.1
1878 Vienna Opera A447
1879 Covent Garden Opera A450
1879 Erard's factory fork 455.3
1879 Steinways of England A 454.
1879 British Army regulation pitch for woodwind A451.9
1880 Brinsmead, Broadwood, Erard apparently used a pitch of A455.3,
1880 Steinways were possibly using a pitch of
A436. According to Steinways NY, 1880 is right around the time they switched from three piece rims to the continuous rim that is used today. So it is unlikely the pitch was any higher before 1880 yet Steinways London had a fork A 454.7
1885 In Vienna a pitch of 435.4 was adopted at a temperature of 59% Fahrenheit for A
1885 At an international exhibition of inventions and music in London a pitch of A452 was adopted
1896 Philharmonic pitch A439, giving C522
1925 on the 11th of June the American music industry adopted A440
1936 American Standards Association adopted A440
1939 At an international conference A440 was adopted.
The pitch of A440 has remained since 1939. Pitches have risen a little, particularly in Eastern European countries, which often wish pianos to be tuned to A 444 or even a bit above. Some concert halls in the UK and European countries have two pianos on site. One tuned to A440 and one tuned to A 444. This is to keep the pianos stable, as constantly raising and lowering the pitch is not good for the piano; it makes it hard for the piano tuner to make the tuning stable.
Treena