Heres what ive found with brass. Im a trombone player myself and i have messed around with this alot. I will list suggestions in your price range and out. Its kind of difficult to suggest something if i dont know what kind of music your doing. Jazz, classical, background, lead. Im going to elaborate a little more on this because this is not a common area around here, and this information will probably come up time to time. Also, these are only mics that i have tried and liked. Ive tried others, and just absolutely hated them, but im not going to list all those.
E604 - Not bad for the price. Like it better on brass than the SM57. But its not a condensor so guess that wont work very well for yah. Normally need to cut out a little around 2-4k to make it sound natural here.
SM57 - Not a big fan of it for brass.
SP B1 - I like the B1 in general, but i didnt like it much on brass. I thought it was a little too tubby sounding. But that might be what your looking for.
MXL V67 - I really like this on Trumpet actually. Infact i have a few recording of a good trumpet player where this was used. It gives keeps the open natural transients that the trumpet has in the upper range without it being too harsh. Although it is still a little on the brighter side. In your price range, this is what i would suggest myself for trumpet, and a condensor.
Neumann U87 - Really probably out of your league, but this is a mic used for trumpets alot. Its a bit bright up close if your playing loud. But back up about 3 ft and it really has a sound of its own. Even though its 3 feet back it still has the in your face sound. I have a recording where i used this for Trumpet an Trombone recently. The reason i bring it up, is i have had similiar results with the SP C1. Works and sounds about the same characteristic. However, the C1 is definately harsher in the high end for this technique. Might work, and it might not.
Sennheiser MD421 - A little over your price range, but not too far. This mic is used for brass work all the time. Its generally not my first pick, because it generally doesnt give me the in the face sound im looking for. It would work great if the horns were doing more of a background, rythm track. But for lead stuff i dont really like these too much.
AKG C414 - These give a pretty natural sound. Not very in your face, not in the back. Not very sparkly either. Probably would be more of my choice for classical work.
Audio Technica AT4033 - Not bad for this, but placement has to be just right. For 300 bones its not a bad price.
Audio Technica AT4050 - Alot like the AKG C414 in being more natural, but being a little more open in my opinion.
Royer R-122 - This is a ribbon mic, expensive but probably one of the best mics you can get for brass and horns. You can almost do anything with this microphone depending on placement.
Those are my favorites for close micing horns (1-4ft distance). I never really liked small condensors unless they are distant. MXL603 seems like it would be a little too bright unless back far.
Danny