Cross Poster/Cross Answer!
Yeah it's been discussed many times, but you searched anyway..
1. You will need to determine if your soundcard is up to scratch. What kind is it? If it's a really cheap card, like an ESS based card or crystal, you may want to buy a replacement. Creative Labs Ensonic is a relatively quiet and cheap ($30) replacement.
2. Cable. 2 RCA Mono's from your signal source to 1/8" male stereo into the Line-In on your soundcard. I don't think record players put out enough of signal, so you probably have to run into some kindof integrated amp/receiver/preamp, and than out of a line level output to the input of your soundcard.
3. Software. Something like Soundforge, Wavelab. These are 2 track editors for recording and editing 2 track files. Wavelab and Soundforge would be overkill for this though. I suggest downloading the demo of Goldwave.
http://www.goldwave.com
4. A CD-RW. Yamaha, Mitsumi, Plextor make decent burners at various prices.
5. CD-Authoring software. Wavelab does a nice job of this, but again it's overkill. Most burners come with software - yours probably came with Adaptec EZ-CD which will be sufficent.
One other bit of software you may want is a directx plugin for removing pops and what not from the vinyl, I think
http://www.steinberg.net makes one.
Have fun!