Most (all?) Pro/Prosumer soundcards have 1/4" or even XLR I/O. However, I don't see how a 1/4" -> 1/8" adapter could make you loose a significant ammount of quality. Unless you're using really crummy old ones with lots of oxide and stuff. I think it's more an issue of the quality of the preamps that uses 1/8" connectors.
First of all, decide how many I/O you need and what types and also if you will be running a lot of Midi. Then decide on the quality you want. 24bit/96kHz or "only" 16/44.1 and also how much you are willing to spend. Finally check for compatibility. Make sure that the card has working drivers for your OS and not just betas that "will be finished soon...".
It's a real jungle but reading the eleven million posts in the soundcard forum helps a lot.
Good luck
/Ola