Sorry, but I think you're confusing microphone pre amps and phantom power supplies (which are two very different things).
As you say, pretty well all microphones (dynamic, ribbon or condenser) require a pre amp to bring their output (typically around -50dBu) up to line level for mixing and processing. However, this has nothing to do with phantom power (except for the fact that many pre amps and mixers can also provide phantom).
A large subset of mics--condensers or electret condensers--require an input voltage to work at all. The most commonly provided voltage, used by most mics, is known as "48 volt phantom" because it is provided by putting a DC voltage on pins 2 and 3 of the XLR cable. Since balanced circuits invert the polarity of one of these pins, mics that don't require the phantom power (dynamics and most--but not all--ribbon mics) can simply allow it to be completely cancelled and ignore the voltage (though be careful of some ribbons which can be damaged). Condenser mics, on the other hand, can pull off the phantom and use it to charge the condenser.
However, even with phantom power a condenser mic still needs a microphone pre amp to bring it's output up to line level.
In this case, the OP has already told us he has a Behringer mxer with a single mic pre amp--but there's some doubt as to whether that particular mixer provides phantom.