Good reasonable mics (typically $400 and below used) to check out:
AKG C2000 - medium sized diaphragm cardoid condensor decent for overheads and acoustic guitar, warm and bright. Pretty good mic for the money.
AKG C3000 - similar to the C2000 but a bit more articulate, a bit brighter, a bit more high quality sounding. Not as good a deal for the money compared to C2000's though.
AKG D112 - great dynamic for kick drums and bass amps, good for catching the 'click' of a kick drum. I sometimes couple these with MD421's or RE20's for kick drums. Personally I dislike these for bass amps though.
AKG C451 - small diaphragm condensers... very popular for overheads because they give cymbals zing and pep. I used to use SM81's for overheads but now have been favoring these... I still use an 81 for the high hat though, to get a different, thinner sound.
Electrovoice RE20 - doesn't seem too popular anymore, but great for deep warm vocals, kick drum, bass amps... one of my favorite mics for bass amps
Shure SM7 - sort of trendy now (but I've used one for 3-4 years now) dynamic mic... very popular for screamo type vocals. Sounds good on kick drum, bass amps, and surprisingly meaty on guitar. Pair this with an AKG 414BULS on a guitar amp and the tone is very happening. Essentially this is a lot like a SM57 but with way more thump and clarity
Shure SM81 - my favorite mic for high hats. Very flat and accurate mic that tends towards being a little bright. SM81's sound a bit thin to me compared to
the AKG C451's--perfect for avoiding that over-intrusive high hat bleed.
CAD M179 - fairly new design, cheap and intriguing. Sounds pretty good. Meaty sound, not very bright. I'd call them a bit 'dark' sounding. Generally good for overheads or room mics. Nice cheap alternative to C2000's or C451's for overheads.
AudioTechnica A4050 - very popular high hat microphone. Personally they are a little bit strident to me, but they are fat and bright sounding. Also used on vocals and occasionally acoustic guitar.
Rode NT1 - a budget mainstay. If you can buy an older model not made in Japan. Clear and cheery sounding microphones used for everything from overheads to vocals. Everyone should have some NT1's around (because they are so cheap and sound good).
Sennheiser MD421 - another high quality dynamic mic. I like using these for snare drums but they are typically used for toms as an upgrade to a SM57. Somewhat similar tone but the 421's sound higher quality. Good on kick drums, bass amps, and even guitar amps.