I'll take a stab at a couple.
* High pass only allows frequencies above a cutoff point to pass through the EQ... thus "high pass". Sometimes the cutoff is fixed to a particular frequency, sometimes you can adjust the cutoff frequency. You might prefer to think of it logically as a "low cut" filter. Low pass (high cut?) does the opposite.
* Parametric is very flexible, but might take some getting used to. You have 3 basic things you can adjust: how much cut or boost (gain, measured in dBs), Where the center of the cut or boost should be (frequency, measured in Hz), and how wide the cut or boost should be (Q, measured on some seemingly useless scale; or octaves, which is more intuitive for a musician). A low width will affect only a small portion of the frequency spectrum... good for cutting an annoying ring or click on things without affecting the rest of the sound too much. A higher width is good for general frequency boosts or cuts.
* Sweep EQ's are usually like a parametric, only with a fixed width. You control the gain and the frequency.
Playin' with 'em is the best way to learn a lot about 'em. A BBS search on "EQ" should turn up tons more info.