This sounds like a really cool option - cheap, and if I involve myself in building the equipment it would really get me involved and passionate about the whole recording project!
Questions:
- In terms of quality, what would it be comparable to?
- I have never done proper DIY before, but would be more than willing to learn. Is this a plausible project for someone without such experience?
- Are there any particular tutorials you would recommend?
I'm started to get a bit excited the idea of building a pre amp! Hope it's plausible
It's not going to be a $20 project without some compromises. First, you probably want a case, that alone is $10-15 for a decent small project box. You need input and output connectors. You need a power supply--that can be anything from a 9V battery to a wall wart to a proper +/- supply with an additional 48V rail for phantom. No, you don't need phantom for an SM58, but the day will come when you want to use a condenser mic, then you will want it. You have to address gain control--INA chips need hard-to-find and expensive reverse log pots OR rotary switches. If you can live with two or three gain settings, you can simplify things quite a bit.
You need tools--a multimeter, a soldering iron, some strippers, clippers, etc. If you don't have that stuff, that's at least another $50. A drill or drill press plus bits to do the metalwork, that isn't cheap.
I would put the cost of a first-time single-channel INA pre build at $50-$70, provided that you don't mess things up too many times. Probably about 100 hours for the first-time DIYer, including time spend learning about design, sourcing parts, and building. I don't know of an inexpensive ready-made kit PCB (Fivefish does a nice kit, but it's $100 and you still need a power supply), so you'll have to use perfboard, which will be a learning curve.
I don't want to dissuade anyone from DIY because I love DIY

But if you want to record tomorrow, I'd buy an MXL MicMate, and then start researching DIY designs. Remember that even the best INA preamp, no matter how clean (and it should be very clean) will still be limited by the quality of your MacBook's A/D conversion.
Ultimately, you will want to look at interfaces with good preamps and good A/D. But for now, the MicMate will work a whole lot better than nothing.