I don't own/play a Tele, but I do have a Westone Thunder 1A, and a Washburn X-30- both have two humbuckers, and a coil tap switch (turns the buckers into single coils,) so I have something of a controlled comparison. I can play it as 1) a HB in bridge, 2) a HB in neck position, and 3) a single coil in each. I just plugged the Washburn in, and this is what I heard:
Switch in center position, coil tap out (singles,) I hear a smooth tone.
Switch in bridge position, coil tap in (HB,) I get a more twangy tone (everybody knows that, I am sure.)
Switch in Neck, HB, more mellow.
All that is what you would expect, of course. Nothing proven, I think.
So, I left 3-way switch in center position, and went back and forth between two HB's, and two single coils. Only real change- stronger with HB's, a touch of SC quack (although far less than I hear from my Strat,) with the SC's.
But I don't think I have really proven or discovered anything. The different pickup config. sound different. Yeah, no big surprise.
Most guitars with one HB have it in the bridge position. A tele set up has one bridge/one neck pup. The bridge HB sounds more twangy than the two single coils. I think I already said that.
So, I don't think I have answered your question. They are different, but this is so much an apples/oranges comparison as to be a meaningless comparison. Sorry I can't give you something more concrete or perhaps satisfying, but it is what it is.