It really depends what I'm recording !
If I'm doing vocals or harmonies/backing vocals it will be a mic {dynamic or condenser} going through a Behringer
Ultragain Pro MIC2200 and then into my DAW which is an Akai DPS12i. That would tend to be the set up too if I'm recording saxophone, flute, oboe, harmonica, clarinet or any other blowing instrument although sometimes, especially with sax and harmonica, I might just use the DPS12i preamp. They have odd preamps, the signal right up until the last notch is negligible. The jump in volume between the second last and last notch is like the jump into hyperspace. This is also the set up I'll use for acoustic mandolin and double bass. I'm still experimenting with the best way to mic the double bass as I've only recently picked it up again after 9 or so years.
That's moreorless what I'd use for acoustic guitars, again depending on whether I'm using one mic or two, dynamic or condenser or one of each. Further to that, I'll often add a track of the acoustic plugged in sound straight in {on it's own, it's horrible but it sits nicely among other guitar sounds} and one from this cheap bottletop contact mic and plugged in.
For electric, once in a blue moon I'll go DI and reamp for variation but for the most part, it's a straight
SM58 at the amp's face and into the DAW. Other times, I'll use a Superlux drum mic or even a headphone for rawness and I've found a condenser is quite nice and doesn't blow up ! Sometimes if I'm going for that electric jangly stereo 12 string sound, I'll 58 a line 6 amp as per and send
the other signal via a Hendrix or Clapton or Ravish sitar pedal and into a Fender bassman and then mic that with whatever I feel like going with.
Bass is either DI {rarely.....usually late at night} via
the Fender bassman which has a speaker out thing; you detatch the internal speaker jack and the speaker sound goes right out to the DAW via a lead. Or I'll go DI via the Behringer BD121 which is an interesting amp sim with a variety of tones if you'll take the time. Most of the time I'll mic the bass amp with the 58, the Super eagle bass drum mic or the Superlux {bass drum or one of the others}. I'll even mic the Line 6 for bass. That's what I put my fretless electro acoustic bass through and it's one of the few times I'll put effects on while tracking. Some light chorus or flanger can be effective {sorry.....

}. One of my favourite bass chains is my 3 way run ~ bass into Palmers Y box, one output to Fender bassman amp and miked, one output DI to DAW and a third from the Fender line out for a bit of growl. If I just mic and DI, I'll also use a splitter lead.
When I use VSTis, I have all the various instruments housed in Cubase 5 essentials in my Toshiba tecra laptop. The soundcard is a one in, one out Echo layla. I rigged up a lead with a ground loop isolator which kills any hum or buzz [when the computer is plugged in, I used to get this awful buzzy humming or hummy buzzing and my mate said it would go only if I used it on batteries. The annoyance of that, and a guy in a shop saying there was no solution led me to the ground loop isolator]. That then goes straight into the DAW. The various sounds are triggered by my CME MKey 'dummy' keyboard.

For sound effects and the like, my chain is as simple as simple can be ¬> point
my Zoom H1 at or around whatever the sound source is.