"Preamp" can mean any of a number of different sorts of preamps, but by context I think you're talking about a microphone preamp.
It takes a low-level mic signal and amplifies it to line level.
If you're plugging a microphone directly into your box and it works, that probably means your box as a mic preamp in it.
An outboard mic preamp (a separate mic preamp in box by itself, or pretty much by itself) might (or might not) produce better results.
Other variables that come into play:
- Your decent recording mics generally have a low-impedance output. They will work best if the mic preamp is intended to work with a low-impedance input.
- Almost all outboard mic preamps supply phantom power, which you may need for a condensor mic.
- Some other signal processing may be included in the same box with a mic preamp.
- Different mic preamps impart a slightly different "character" to the sounds passed through them.