Don't get confused by the terms "Phantom power" and "bias voltage".
Phantom power is just power that runs through the mic cable to power the electronics in the mic. Without it, the mic would make no sound. If it worked without the Phantom box, the mic was obviously getting power from the phone. The phone is providing the Phantom power to run the mic.
They probably designed the mic to run with lower voltage, so it could be used the way you are using it.
However, if the phone is providing the mic power, you will probably drain the battery much faster than normal. Using the Phantom power box will keep that from happening.