Mixing a live show

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Where is a good resource to read up on mixing a live show? Small-Mid sized venue.
My band is going to start giggin soon and I've not been happy with what other local bands have been doing. Its seems that most ppl around here are running vox and keyboards through the PA and turning up the drums,guitars/bass amps to taste. Well to me, that doesnt sound very good overall. I mean, it sounds balanced if you standing front and center, but everywhere else its f-ed.

I'm thinking that I want the amps all miced and at medium levels and ran through the PA and panned to make room, along with drums (maybe) and vox/keyboards. I'm thinking I could practice in our rehersal spot to get the hang of it. It just seems that it would be more balanced that way.

Any and all feedback is appreciated, thanks!
 
I work with several club bands in the smaller venues, and I can say that there are several reasons for the very commonplace situation you describe. These reasons range from personal to practical to technical, not all of them are always "good" reasons, but they exist nonetheless. Understanding them is probably a good place to start.

First the practical: Most bands like this (on my local curcuit anyway) carry their own PA systems including *everything* from the mic stands to the mixer to the monitors and mains, and everything in-between. Most of these bands do not carry their own separate sound guy (unless they have me ;) ), and therefore need to mix the monitors and mains themselves. As this means that one of the players has to double on the rack, this also means that they have to both dial in as best as they can at the start of the gig and keep the amount of mix riding during the gig to a minimum so the guy can actually concentrate on playing and not on sound. By keeping the guitars and bass off the PA, and leaving control to the players and their amps themselves, this makes it much easier for Rack Boy to dial in a fast mix and to offload the guitar tweaking to the musicians controlling their own instruments.

Next is a combination of practical and personal: In these kinds of setups it's not unusual for the band to have one single mix for both the mains and the stage monitors, the only real difference being they are on separate volume busses and maybe a seperate default EQ for the monitors. Again, lighter sound maintenance workload for Rack Boy and also the possibility of getting away with a smaller, lighter, cheaper mixer. Since the monitors share the same mix in this situation, if the guitar amps were miked throughthe PA, the musicians would be getting blasted with guitar from both the amps and the monitors. Not only would this sound crappy to them (and possibly affect their playing and amp level settings), it would muddy/mask the vocals in the monitors, which is the main thing that the musicians really need to hear in the monitors. So keeping the guitars (including bass) out of the monitors is a good thing for the band.

Then there's a few things on the technical side: First, micing the drums in smaller venues usually goes beyond the unnecessary right to overkill. The usual exception to this is the kick, which as often as not gets it's own mic sent to the PA. But other than the kick, the drums are the loudest thing on the stage even without mics. I have yet to be in a situation in a room that holds anything less than, say, 500 people where micing the drums has been anything close to necessary. In fact there have been many an occasion where I've had to ask the drummer to actually play quieter; sometimes for virtue of the mix, sometimes - more times that any of us would like, actually - because the management actually requested the band to turn it down. :(

A similar thing can be said for the guitar amps. If set and "acoustically mixed" properly, they'll deliver plenty of volume in realtion to the PA'd vocals, keyboards, etc. to give a good lmix evel and deliver plenty of sound to the room. usually there's no real need to throw more wattage behind them. (especially by the second and third sets when the volume level seems to go up by 25dB over the initial sound check just on it's own inertia ;) ).

A very important technical/practical reason not to send the amp'd guitars and bass through the PA is that it is quite common for bands in this situation to be using mono PA amps. There is no panning to be done on the PA; both sides carry identical signal. In those cases when you send two or more electric guitars through a mono amp channel you wind up with a wall of undefinied guitar that can in many instances not only sound pretty artificial but can flirt with awful. Add to that the reenforcent from the guitar amps themselves and you can have a real guitar mess on you hands. Turning the individual amps down and driving most of the guitar wattage out the PA is not a solution either; not only do you still have that mono sound to contend with, but you'll have a bunch of angry guitarists and bassists wringing your neck because they can't hear themselves :).

When you say it sounds balanced front and center, but everywhere else it's f'd, that sound to me like that's just how the live rooms are. You are not going to get anywhere near the quality of sound 45 feet away and 25 feet to the side of the band as you do out on the dance floor in front of the band. That's simply the nature of the beast, and there isn't a whole lot that can be done about that under the circumstances described here. You got a combination probably of smooth, untreated, 90 degree walls (sometimes with perhaps plenty of glass windows treated only with the occasional neon beer sign)) and a usually pretty reflective ceiling. So you got sound bouncing all over the perimiters. Add to that a mass of moving, drunken flesh in the middle, all of different heights and hair styles, and you have a bunch of moving sound absorbers and vertically-standing dispersion pillars mucking up the middle of the room. Add to that the constant variations in temperature, humidity and smokiness of the air in the place and it's utterly amazing under these circumstances that a band can get any kind of decent sound at all. :)

But it's done at tens of thousands of places with no house system of state-of-the art electronics every Friday and Saturday night. Dial in things from the beginning. Do a sound check of a song or two with the golden ear or Rack Boy (or someone like me playing engineer from the outside) doing some critical listening. When listening, plan for how things will knowingly change as the night goes on (e.g. you know it's going to get more crowded, that the energy level is going to go up, and that the band is going to get louder than they are in the sound check no matter what happens) and set the best mix with your ears that you can. Make sure that everybody is in tune with each other. And then make whatever tweaks you have to either between songs or during the set breaks.

Beyond that, there's prayer. :D

G.
 
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Thanks for taking the time, it makes sense. So your saying that for all intents and purposes, it really is the only way to go. Right?

If cramming everything through the PA will do more bad then good, why do say... CD's that are playing through the PA sound great? Is it the volumes?

What made this blaringly obvious to me was the band last night. When they had CD's playing between sets, it sounded WAAY better then the band. I could stand ANYwhere around the place and it sounded great. Then when the band was up, everything went down hill. If I was standing too close to the mains, then all I heard was his vocals. If I was on the rhythm guitar side I couldn't hear the lead and vice versa. Bass isn't as critical since it much less directional, and yes, the drums are loud.

Question (and don't yell as this is only hypothetical :) ) what would it be like if everyone DIed? No amps at all and a elec drum set? Run a stereo set of mains and pan it out to make room for the vocals. Seems like it would sound good. Maybe I should try that at a rehersal. :confused:

Thanks for the help!
 
VSpaceBoy said:
Thanks for taking the time, it makes sense. So your saying that for all intents and purposes, it really is the only way to go. Right?
Well, I don't know that I want to be quite that negative or definitive... :cool:

It would help a great deal if you a) had a stereo PA amp (or dual mono amps), and b) were able to take the time to set up decent separate mixes for the monitors and the mains. This would at least give you the potential to run some gits through the PA with stereo panning, and to leave them out of the stage monitor mix. However, you'd still have the situation of having the gits coming from both the PA and the amps which could go either way sound-wise. The guitarist(s) still wont let you get away with turning down their amps, though; I'd put big money on that ;).

Now that I think about it, I do have one band I work for that's a 4-piece rock band (drums, bass, elecric guitar and keyboards) that does run some guitar through the PA. The guitar is a standard Telecaster run through a Fender DeVille amp. They mike that amp with an SM57 and run it through the mono PA along with the keys and vocals. That's kind of a special situation, though, because they have just the one guitarist that has to fight against a bass-heavy band and system. The band leader is the bass player and the two main vocalists have very deep voices, and the mains consist of left and right pairs of EV mains pole-stacked on top of massive EV subs (2 subs, no waiting. :) ) the floor is always shaking like California during The Big One when these guys play, and that lone DeVille is pressed to compete sometimes. So they do mic that cab and send it on to the PA for augmentation. But even in that case, more times than not, the git channel on the PA is just sweetening it a little, most of the dBs of the guitar are still coming from the DeVille itself.

But based upon your follow-up post and the CD description, I think there's more that you could probably try before you add the extra PA channels. This same band I describe above does the same thing; they play CDs through their PA during the set breaks. First, the CD are studio produced and mastered recordings which by their very nature are going to sound better than live productions. But, and I'm being brutally honest here, those CDs sound flat in comparison to the live sound of the band itself. That is, the band sounds a whole lot better live than those CDs do during the break. I'd think that if the reverse is the case with the band you heard last night (your band? or someone else's?), they had probably better do some work on their setup, to be honest. Put bluntly, if a CD played though the band's PA sounds that much better than the band itself, the band is doing something wrong. :o

Yes, there will be many a time when the guitars sound "channeled" (you can hear the lead on one side of the stage and the rhythm on th other, but not both unless you're in the middle.) Sometimes that will even happen if you ran them through the mains, for that matter. Though you're right in the concept that such channeling is far less likely in the mains, simply because they are usually sitting high up on stands and are blowing over the top of the crowd. However there are a couple of simple things that can be done with the guitar cabs themselves that can alleviate that situation. First, take them off the floor. An angled cabinet stand or a milk crate will do the job. Second, if they are buried in a hole against the wall behind the stage, even to or behind where the drummer sits, this can be a real black hole of sound. If the stage itself permits, move the cabinets forward to at least the centerline of the drums, or better, (if there's room) even with the front of the drums. This will take the cabs out of those black holes of sound that not only reduce volume but tend to channel the sound in a narrow beam out the front of the stage. This simple move often will even please the members of the band because they'll now actually be able to hear each other. If I had a buck for every time I heard a keyboardist complain they couldn't hear the guitar on the far side of the stage, I could retire. If I had an extra buck for every time a cabinet move like above solved that problem, I could retire in the Carribean :). These moves will also help remove muddiness from the sound of the guitars and reduce the amount of sympathetic vibration from the cabs to the drum kit.

I'd also wonder about the quality of EQ used by that band (which usually need to be used used far more liberally in live situations than in studios.) Are they dialing in EQ properly on the key channel strips on the PA mixer? Does the PA mixer actually have a decent-sounding EQ section (many of them don't), and if not, is there an outboard EQ available?

But even a 6-piece (drums, two guitars, bass, keyboard and lead singer) band that I work with that has no outboard EQ and are just using the cheapo graphic supplied on their Mackie mono power mixer with old, war-beaten JBL mains, and that uses no compression whatsoever, sounds just wonderful, and has a live punch to it that beats the CDs (or at least matches them). What's their secret? Excellent song arrangements executed by well-practiced, tight musicians with well-maintianed and well-tuned instruments, along with a critical ear that "mixes the stage". By that I mean that with them I don't ride a board. I jut listen and then recommend adjustments to volumes, playing intensities and instrument placements, acting more like a stage director than a mixing engineer during the sound check and set breaks. It's mostly them and their arrangements that's making them sound good, but the "stage direction" is the icing on the cake.

G.
 
VSpaceBoy said:
Question (and don't yell as this is only hypothetical :) ) what would it be like if everyone DIed? No amps at all and a elec drum set? Run a stereo set of mains and pan it out to make room for the vocals. Seems like it would sound good. Maybe I should try that at a rehersal.
I would never stop anybody from trying anything at a rehersal (what are rehersals for if not to rehearse techniques? :D)

However, I'd bet my left lung that - all other potential problems aside - the guitarists would never go for DI w/o amps. When I'm recording live, I have a hard enough time convincing thme to let me DI even if I mic their amp also. But if ther'es no amps, how are they going to hear themselves? Like we discussed before, they're not going to want the guitars coming at them from the monitors. And you can't have them wearing headphones. The amps are necessary - not to mention the source of the timbre of the electric sound they and you want.

Electric drums are technically OK. The questions are, 'Do you like that sound?' and 'Will the drummer like playing an electric?' I see no need to electrify the drums; they are probably the least worrisome part of the equation. The only think I'd mention about the drums is to make sure they're tuned well.

No, as I mentioned in the previous post, you should be able to achieve great - at t at the ver least, good - sound with standard equipment and usage, within the constraints of the room. While CD mixes will probably sound more professional and cleaner, there should be no need to hear a vast difference in quality between the CD and the live band. If you do, it's not the CDs fault. ;)

G.
 
Thanks again for the great post!!!!

I think it all makes sense to me, I guess the bands (not my own, we haven't played out yet) just didn't take the time to get it right.

Great tips on the git amps, that right there would solve the prob I mentioned before. You nailed it, both of said bands amps were crammed into far opposite ends of the stage. Pulling them both in towards the center and raising them prob would have made a world of difference.

Last question: So assuming vox and keys are the only thing coming out of the PA, is still out front riding high the best place? If thats the only thing at that level then it would still seem out of place in the mix. NM, I just realized what you meant. If they work harder at the mix and getting it right, it should still work.

Anyhow, thanks tremendously on the great post, I learned alot today!! :cool:
 
VSpaceBoy said:
You nailed it, both of said bands amps were crammed into far opposite ends of the stage. Pulling them both in towards the center and raising them prob would have made a world of difference.
Not just towards the center on the L/R axis, though that would help greatly, but also forward, if possible. Many stages may just not be big enough, and there you just have to make do with the hand you're dealt. But if there is room to bring the amps forward, like the front of the cabs being approximately even with the front of the kick drum, that helps a lot too.

Good luck with the new gigs. Above all, have FUN with them. :)

G.
 
I'm a guitarist... I'd play through the PA as long as there was a monitor that I could hear myself with.
 
grn said:
I'm a guitarist... I'd play through the PA as long as there was a monitor that I could hear myself with.
But would you want a monitor where your guitar was covering the vocals and keys?

G.
 
As a FOH engineer that has worked with probably more than 1000 bands, I can truly say that there are reasons for not running everything through the PA. The most common is that they just don't have a big enough or good enough PA. If the band is already pretty loud and you are underpowered in the PA department, there really is no choice but to start taking certain things out of the PA. By amplifying just the keyboards and the vocals, you can get a pretty decent volume out of even a small PA. If you add Kick, snare, toms, overheads, bass, and guitars to that, you will lose a lot of overall volume (headroom) in a smaller PA. If the band were in a different room playing and you were just listening to the PA, it may actually sound alright. However, once you put a couple of halfstacks, an 8x10 bass stack and a 5 piece drum kit right behind that poor little PA, it will never keep up. Consider also that CD's are tracked, mixed, produced and mastered. Consider also that it took WAY longer than 50 minutes to get all that work done on 12 songs. This is why I never ring a PA out to a CD. I use CD's when I am tuning a system to get an overall feel for how the PA reacts and how the room sounds etc... Not to actually set the overall graph. I use a combination of CD's to initially tune a room, but then I always finish the PA tuning with my voice through an sm58, or whatever mic the singer will be using.

As for venue size and how to run PA's, I have done plenty of 200 and less person shows where I brought in a real PA. I treat almost every show like a real show. In most of those smaller venues the overhead mics are pretty much for looks since the three sm58's across the front are picking up plenty of cymbals, but I put the mics out none the less. You never know when the band will drop down into some spacy dynamic and mellow section of the song where the pverheads become tools instead of just decorations.

In the end, I think that micing a whole band up in a small venue can be a real disaster if you don't have enough of the right equipment and someone you trust to run it. A lot of people actually have decent equipment, but don't even have it set up right. Its always a bad sign when I walk into a venue and the graphs are all butchered and the subs are on an aux send. A lot fo the bands i work for tease me about what I do. They tell me that half the money they pay me is to mix them, the other half is to rewire the club:D I can't tell you how many bar owners crapped their pants after I finish a soundcheck with a heavy band. They are all sweating over blown dirvers because they have never heard their rig run like that. At the end of the night I always make it a point to show them that not only is their rig not blown, but it sounds better. Most all of them invite me back:D
 
I have never played at any club where no PA was provided, and where not everyone was going through the PA. However, what ends up in the actual mix is a different story.

We've had some soundboards mixes put on MiniDisc before, and you'll mostly hear my keyboards and the vocals, then probably acoustic guitar and bass, and whatever of the drums and lead guitar gets in there.

I'm assuming that everything too loud and not running DI is far too loud to need to be in the mix.
 
If something like the guitar cabs are pretty loud on stage in a smaller venue, they often won't be put in the PA as much. Typically in a smaller venue, my board mixes will be a little heavy on toms and kick, vocals, and any DI'ed stuff unless its a bass guitar thats also run through the rock standard Ampeg SVT with SVT 8 x10 cabs. If that is the case, even in a midsized venue there may not be much bass in the PA. Stuff like reverbs and delays will often sound too upfront on a board mix whereas in the actual room they are not so audible. On larger stages and outdoor events, usually the board recordings turn out a little better. I usually try and take my board recordings off the matrix instead of the tape outs. That way I can add a little extra bass and guitar to the recording without affecting the live mix.
 
Alexbt said:
We've had some soundboards mixes put on MiniDisc before, and you'll mostly hear my keyboards and the vocals, then probably acoustic guitar and bass, and whatever of the drums and lead guitar gets in there.
Mixing for the live PA and mixing for live recording have two entirely different goals, and therefore two entirely different sounds. I have yet to hear a recording that was taken from the tape or main/sub outs of the FOH board that had a mix that made any sense. This isn't anybody's "fault", this is just how it goes.

When I record live I try to grab what I can off the direct outs of the FOH channel strips so I don't have to worry about what the FOH engineer wants to do with fader levels, strip EQ, etc.; all I have to do is adjust my input trim to theirs and I can do what I want without our getting in each other's way (unless he/she messes with their trim halfway through.) If the mixer does not have direct outs or the FOH engineer is uncooperative (I'm sorry to say that happens more often than I'd like), and/or for those instruments that are not going through FOH, like the gits, bass and usually (in my cases, anyway) the non-kick drums, I'll either have to use a DI to split the mic signal to both mixers or mic the un-miked instruments myself.

If it's a really desparate situation with almost zero cooperation from the house, I'll be forced to set up two stereo pairs; one on the PA mains and one between the mains on the stage itself. But I'd prefer not to do it that way as the results are far from stellar.

Anyway, the main thrust for this post is, for a number of legitimate reasons, not to expect the tape outs on the FOH board to give a very "sensible" mix to tape.

G.
 
Makes sense. I guess I'll need to focus on one aspect at a time.

Soo... SouthSide, are ya expensive? :D (quick and easy way out)
 
VSpaceBoy said:
Makes sense. I guess I'll need to focus on one aspect at a time.

Soo... SouthSide, are ya expensive? :D (quick and easy way out)
Well, considering you'd have to pay for round-trip Chicago to Cincinnatti for both me and my gear, plus per-diem expenses, all on top of my hourly fee, I'd have to say that, yeah, I'd probably be a pretty expensive way for you to go. :D

On the bright side, I won't make you buy first class tickets. ;)

G.
 
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