Start with these and just move up from them!
AT 4033 - Who cares how much it cost. This is a mic the has been used on many vocal tracks on "hits" you have probably heard. There is a reason that it is the best all time selling large diaphram condensor mic on the market, and it will probably retain that title! The 4033 also has blown away many high dollar mics I have tried for acoustic guitars, and is very good for drum overheads. For high quality horn tracks, it is killer! I have used them for micing Leslie cabinets and got scary realistic sounding results. On percussion, it excels! The 4033 is probably the best bang for the buck mic on the market, and don't let ANYBODY try to tell you otherwise, because I have not met another engineer who has argued the results many have got from this mic. I consider a 4033 to be MUST in any studio.
Shure SM-57 - Who cares how much this one costs too! I don't think there is another mic on the market that has sold as many as this. Great for snares, toms, a must for guitar cabinets, and very workable on most horns. Some have used it for tracking vocals. A mic that will stay in your selection ALWAYS!
AKG C1000S - While not an "exciting" mic, it works very well for drum overhead, acoustic guitar, and works surprisingly well for micing any kind of amplified keyboard, and in my opinion, is the best sound I have ever got for micing a ride cymbal (yes, I have dedicated a track for the good ol' ride in many recordings with the client jumping up and down over the sound we got with the C1000)
AT Pro 25 - While far from my first choice of a kick drum mic, I think it sounds much better then the "revered"
AKG D-112, and only cost around $130. Great for the money, and a very workable sound.
A pair of AT 4033's, a pair of C1000's, and around 6 or 7 SM 57's, and one ATM 25 will get you very nice results in just about any recording session.
Ed