Even the cheap onboard soundcards that come on PCs should have at least 3 plugs on them. One is for mic, second is aux/cd in, third is speaker out (they are color coded but it's not the same on all brands.) All these are 1/8 inch (3.5 mm) stereo inputs. Better soundcards have additional inputs/outputs.
I use windows, for mac you may have to open the dialog differently but the process should be the same as follows;
Double click the little speaker icon on your taskbar, when the window opens click options then properties, choose record. Make sure line in/ aux in is checked, click ok. Be sure line in is NOT muted and set the master volume to around 75%. This should get sound going into your comp from a line out signal on an amp/preamp. You will need a converter plug to conect 1/4 line out from an amp to the 1/8 input on your PC, these are easy to find at almost any music store or Radio Shack (less than $5.) DO NOT conect a speaker line out to your PC, be sure to use the line out.
You can use a guitar amp as a pre (if it has a line out) and this is often done to record guitar direct to the PC. You may get some unwanted distortion if you use a mic through a guitar amp. The line out from a PA system works fairly well for this purpose (or at least better than a guitar amp.)
Maybe some of this will help, hope you get it going.