EV-RE20 or the Shure SM-7 are both mics that you'll use a LOT for kick, bass, guitars, horns, vocals, etc. Great mics with high resale value if you decide to let them go.
I bought a D112 because I'd seen them used a hundred times and wanted a nice kick mic, but it never really gives the whole...
It seems to me like you're trying to learn 10 years worth of learning in a week. Be honest with yourself, it's not going to happen. I'd find someone in your area who has been working with audio for 10 years and sit down with them to study your recording/mixing. LISTEN to them and figure out what...
I really like the ThreeQ. I've used it on bass, guitar and vocals and if you don't hit the compressor too hard, it's not an obvious effect. I like all the Joe Meek stuff though. It just suits my work very well. Take a chance with it for $200. It's well worth it. Very solid build too.
Mastering is one of those things were simple answers are hard to come by. Don't take it personally, it's just something you have to figure out in abstract ways.
What are you using presently?
Knowing what the rest of your setup is like, I'm sure people will help you take the next logical step.
I've been using an M-Audio Tampa for vocals on a few projects. I really like the compressor.
I've worked with many different levels of monitors. For anyone starting out, I always suggest the M-Audio BX8s. Mine have had flawless performance for two years now and have never been the limiting factor around here.
I just got a Behringer patchbay that I'm nervous about. I might just sell it...
Don't even look at the hardware if you're just starting to figure out how all this stuff works. Anything worth using is really expensive and the cheap stuff will ONLY ruin your mix.
Wavelab with the UAD-1 card and some Voxengo and PSP plugins will sound good in the hands of someone who knows...
D112 is a standard kick mic used in MANY studios and it's really not expensive at all. Search ebay. You'll find one in the range you're looking for without any problem at all. I got mine from a band who gave up on doing their own recording for $110 Canadian (approx $95 US).
Amazing on guitars. Known to be really good as a flatter sounding kick mic - jazz, etc. One hell of a mic, in general. Also, it maintains its value pretty well, so reselling wouldn't be tough if you change your mind about it.
May I suggest listening to Akron/Family on their self-titled LP. It's a recording that sounds like it could have been done in a living room on an 8 track, but that doesn't slow it down at all.
TL Audio makes a 4-channel preamp in their Ivory series. I've been using it for mostly drums since February and I can't complain at all. Cheap (per channel) and easily getting a more distorted "tube sound" if necessary. It's actually pretty nice clean too.