Secondly, as an arrangement technique, doubling a line on an octave is used all the time, even as far back as the baroque and classical days. That's not parallel octaves, in this sense. The point here is that if you have two voices in harmony, making a movement in parallel octaves weakens the harmony.
Parallel 5ths is the basis of some forms of music, particularly many styles of chant. It simply has a distinctive sound that doesn't fit with most other forms of western music. Some styles of music have used it very effectively (grunge comes to mind) to give an eerie, ominous vibe to the vocals, but for the most part if you're harmonizing a line, parallel 5ths does not sound as good as 3rds or 6ths.
There's no music theory that is universal. You study 18th century western harmony you're going to learn about 18th century western harmony. But I think more of these rules apply to modern pop/rock/etc than people want to believe.