Yeah it's been discussed many times, but you searched anyway..
1. You will need to determine if your soundcard is up to scratch. What kind is it? If it's a really cheap card, like an ESS based card or crystal, you may want to buy a replacement. Creative Labs Ensonic is a relatively quiet and cheap ($30) replacement.
2. Cable. 2 RCA Mono's from your signal source to 1/8" male stereo into the Line-In on your soundcard. I don't think record players put out enough of signal, so you probably have to run into some kindof integrated amp/receiver/preamp, and than out of a line level output to the input of your soundcard.
3. Software. Something like Soundforge, Wavelab. These are 2 track editors for recording and editing 2 track files. Wavelab and Soundforge would be overkill for this though. I suggest downloading the demo of Goldwave.
http://www.goldwave.com
4. A CD-RW. Yamaha, Mitsumi, Plextor make decent burners at various prices.
5. CD-Authoring software. Wavelab does a nice job of this, but again it's overkill. Most burners come with software - yours probably came with Adaptec EZ-CD which will be sufficent.
One other bit of software you may want is a directx plugin for removing pops and what not from the vinyl, I think
http://www.steinberg.net makes one.
Have fun!