Without sounding condescending, you probably just need to understand, and get to know your tools.
A phone is designed to take the thinking out of recording. You hit go and it does its job, good or bad.
I wouldn't be surprised if it had some built in limiter or dynamic gain control.
With 'real' recording gear you have to make sure everything is right.
If you're too close to a condenser mic you can overload it with plosives (fast air from the mouth when you say things like "Pick up the Pretty Picture")
If you're too loud you can just plain overload it.
If you don't overload the mic but your preamp gain is too high you can overload the converters.
If you don't overload the mic, and you don't overload the converters, you can still over do it in your software, overloading the output converters.
To make it even more fun, you can do any combination of the above.
All or any of these things can be very unpleasant.
Also, the closer to a mic you are, the less of the room you will hear.
If you perceive the natural room sound as being pleasant, then getting up close to a condenser might sound bad to you.
Proximity effect is something that happens when you are very close to a cardioid microphone.
It results in emphasised bass frequencies. This is something that you almost certainly wont get with your phone but you could get with your Samson.
Moving back a bit or using a roll off eq would help this.
Of course, these are all just guesses.
Can you post a clip?